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Northwest Passage and Discovery Expeditions pre-1818
Northwest Passage and Discovery Expeditions pre-1818 (both real and imagined)
Date | Leader | Details |
---|---|---|
325bce | Pytheas | He set out from the Greek colony at Massilia (now Marseilles France). He wrote an account of his voyage called "O the Ocean" which is now lost. He was a noted astronomer who reached a place six days voyage north of Britain he called Thule (that some say was Iceland and others Norway. |
565-572 | St. Brendan the Navigator of Clonfert | This is thought by many to have been a mythical voyage. But the details, at least, hint of other voyages by Irish monks to Iceland, Jan Mayen, perhaps Greenland and even on to North America. |
580c | Cormac | This Irish monk sailed north for 14 summer days but was forced to turn back by large numbers of small creatures that covered the surface o the ocean. |
825 | Dicuil | This Irish monk wrote a geographical description of all known lands at the court of Charlemagne. He wrote of islands north and west of Britain. He suggests that by the year 800 Irish monks were traveling to Iceland. |
986 | Bjarni Herjolfsson | He was blown off course returning to Iceland from Greenland. Before finding his true course he saw lands to the west of Greenland. |
1002 | Thorfinnr Karlsefni | A Norse Viking colony was established at what is now L'Anse aux Meadows Newfoundland. The first European baby born in North America, Snorri Thorfinnsson was born there in 1002/3. |
1121 | Bishop Eirik Gnupsson | He set out in search of Vinland and disappeared. |
1170 | Prince Madoc | This Welshman is said to have brought a Welsh colony to North America. It is generally felt that this was a mythical voyage. |
1476c | Johannes Scolvus | This explorer (possibly a Swede, or a Dane, or a Pole or a Welshman) is supposed to have voyaged to Labrador, Baffin Island and Hudson Strait. |
1480c | Diddrik Pining & Hans Pothorst | These German or Danish explorers may have been pirates who took one or more voyages to Greenland. They may have been involved in unrecorded trade with Greenlanders or pirate raiding. |
1480c-96 | Bristol Merchants | They sent vessels west across the Atlantic to search for the "island of Brazil" and in the process may have explored parts of the east coast of Canada. |
1492-94 | Joao Fernandez & Pedro Barcellos | As part of a Danish expedition they reached Greenland. |
1492 | Christopher Columbus | Voyage of discovery and search for a passage to Asia reached the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea. |
1497 | John Cabot | He left Bristol in 1497 attempting to reach Asia by sailing westward in the Mathew. His landing place cannot be known exactly but it is generally thought that he landed on the southwest corner of Newfoundland on 24/06/1497. He reported large schools of fish which led to the development of the fishing grounds on the Grand Banks. |
1498 | John Cabot | It is thought that he perished on this voyage. One vessel returned to England. |
1500 | Gaspar Corte-Real | This Azorean explorer sailed north up the American coast and reached Greenland, calling it Terra Verde. He sailed with his brothers Miguel and Vasqueanes. |
1501 | Gaspar Corte-Real | On his second voyage it is claimed that he landed on the coast of Labrador and regions to the south, that he captured First Nations people, and explored the Bonavista Peninsula and Cape Race. He sent two vessels back to Portugal and then himself disappeared. |
1502 | Miguel Corte-Real | This brother of Gaspar Corte-Real, he led an expedition to search for Gaspar Corte-Real. He reached Newfoundland. He sent two vessels back to Portugal and then himself disappeared. |
1503 | Portuguese Expedition | A search for both Miguel and Gaspar Corte-Real failed, resulting in a ban by King Manuel of Portugal on further expeditions. |
1506 | Jean Denys of Honfleur | This French fisherman reached Newfoundland from Normandy. He explored the coast from Bonavista to the Strait of Belle Isle and drew charts of the coast. By 1520 more than 100 vessels a year were traveling to the new world. |
1508 | Sebastian Cabot | claimed to have been a survivor of this voyage. He claimed to know of a north west passage and made a search voyage although this claim was actually discounted by the authorities of the time. |
1508 | Thomas Aubert | He made a landfall and captured some First Nations people, exhibiting seven of them in Rouen France in 1509. |
1524 | Giovanni da Verranzzano | In 1524 he sailed under a French commission. He made landfall on the Carolina coast and turned north. He followed the coast to Breton naming the country Francesca, New France. He established the new world was a continent. |
1524-25 | Esteban Gomez | He sailed to what is now Cape Breton and south along the American coast. |
1525c | Basque Fishermen | With the Portuguese the Basques were early arrivals on the Grand Banks. They established Basque fishing camps along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, from the Strait of Belle Isle to the Saguenay River. They had summer occupations until about 1625. |
1527-28 | John Rut | He reached Labrador and Newfoundland. He returned to England via the West Indies. |
1534 | Jacques Cartier | He passed through the Strait of Belle Isle and named harbours on the coast of Labrador. He crossed the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island and the mainland coast at the Bay of Chaleur. On the return voyage he sighted Anticosti Island. |
1535 | Jacques Cartier | He passed through the Strait of Belle Isle and crossed over to the Gaspe Peninsula. He ascended the St. Lawrence River. He traveled with his men in long boats and proceeded up river to the village of Hochelaga. There he climbed and named Mount Royal. He returned to Stadacona and wintered there. |
1536 | Richard Hore | He sailed to Newfoundland. |
1558 | Nicolo Zeno | The Venetians Nicolo and Antonio Zeno, in company with a Prince Zichmni, were said to have travelled extensively in the North Atlantic discovering several large islands. Nicolo Zeno created a famous map, later revealed to be a fraud. |
1576 | Martin Frobisher | He reached Greenland and Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island. |
1577 | Martin Frobisher | He reached Greenland and Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island. |
1578 | Martin Frobisher | He reached Greenland and Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island. |
1579 | Sir Francis Drake | He sailed into the Pacific Ocean and may have reached the British Columbia coast sighted but no known landing. |
1585 | John Davis | He made a landfall on the Cumberland Peninsula of Baffin Island. He explored the region around Davis Strait. |
1586 | John Davis | He visited Greenland, Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland. |
1587 | John Davis | He visited Greenland and Labrador. |
1602 | George Weymouth | He sailed to Greenland and Labrador. |
1605 | John Cunningham, James Hall & John Knight | This was a Danish expedition to Greenland |
1606 | John Knight | He headed an English expedition to Labrador where he and three of his men disappeared. |
1606 | James Hall | He headed an abortive Danish expedition. |
1607 | Henry Hudson | Sailing on an English vessel he reached the east coast of Greenland, Spitzbergen and discovered Jan Mayen island. |
1607 | James Hall | He attempted unsuccessfully to reach Greenland with two vessels. |
1609 | Henry Hudson | While in Dutch service he discovered the Hudson River and Manhattan Island. |
1610-11 | Henry Hudson | In English service he sailed through Hudson Strait and into Hudson Bay and James Bay. He wintered in James Bay and was set adrift by mutineers in and open boat and disappeared. |
1612 | James Hall & William Baffin | James Hall was killed on the west coast of Greenland. |
1612-13 | Thomas Button | He explored the western shore of Hudson Bay with his cousin William Gibbons. |
1614 | William Gibbons | He was a cousin of Thomas Button. Sailing in the Discovery he tried to explore the Northwest Passage through Hudson Bay but was stopped by ice. He was caught by ice on the Labrador coast before returning to England. |
1615 | Robert Bylot & William Baffin | In 1615 he commanded the Discovery in an expedition to the western end of Hudson Bay and they charted the south coast of Baffin Island and Foxe Channel. |
1616 | Robert Bylot & William Baffin | In 1616 he was the master of the Discovery in the expedition to Lancaster Sound, Baffin Island, Lancaster Sound, Ellesmere Island and the Greenland coast. |
1619-20 | Jens Munk | He commanded a Danish expedition and wintered at what is now Churchill MB. |
1625 | William Hawkridge | He sailed through Hudson Strait. |
1631 | Luke Foxe | He explored the western and southern shore of Hudson Bay and Foxe Channel on the southwest coast of Baffin Island. |
1631-32 | Thomas James | He explored the west coast of Hudson Bay and James Bay. |
1719(?)- 22 | James Knight | Sailing in the Albany and the Discovery they sailed into Hudson Bay where their vessels became damaged and it is thought the crews starved to death. |
1728 | Vitus Bering | In 1725-28 he was in command of an expedition that crossed Russia by land to Kamchatka. There they sailed along the coast exploring the Bering Strait. He reached 67 degrees North on the Siberian coast. In 1741 he crossed the Bering Strait to the coast of Alaska and named Mount St. Elias. He died on he return voyage and was buried on the coast of Siberia. |
1737 | James Napper & Robert Crow | They sailed in the Churchill on Hudson Bay to explore for the Northwest Passage. |
1741-42 | Christopher Middleton | His expedition was sent at the urging of Arthur Dobbs. He sailed in HMS Furnace in an expedition to find a Northwest Passage. He surveyed Roes Welcome Sound, Wager Bay, Repulse Bay and Frozen Strait. His finding that Wager Bay was not a strait infuriated Dobbs who insisted that it was a cover up by the Hudson's Bay Co. through bribes of Admiralty officials. He wrote books and pamphlets to support his case. It was Dobbs who convince Parliament to offer a large monetary reward for anyone finding a Northwest Passage. |
1746-47 | William Moor & Francis Smith | Financed by Arthur Dobbs they sailed and re-examined Wager Bay confirming Middleton's earlier findings. Smith appears to have commanded the California. |
1753-54 | Charles Swaine | It is thought that under this name Theodore Swaine Drage attempted to finance two abortive expeditions to find a Northwest Passage in the vessel Argo. In 1753 they reached Resolution Island but were stopped by ice. He claimed to have explored the Labrador coast between % degrees and 56 degrees North latitude. |
1769 & 1760 | Samuel Hearne | He was stationed at Fort Prince of Wales and was sent overland to find the source of the Coppermine River. He tried unsuccessfully at this task in 1769 and 1770. He studied the Barren Lands when he searched for copper deposits. |
1770-72 | Samuel Hearne | He reached the Coppermine River during his expedition of 1771-72 becoming the first man to reach the Arctic Ocean Overland. |
1773 | Constantine Phipps | He searched for the Northwest Passage by sailing north from Spitsbergen toward the North Pole. |
1776 | Richard Pickerskill | He sailed in the Lion to protect British whalers working in the Davis Strait. He also intended, if possible, to find the Northwest Passage. |
1777 | Walter Young | He sailed in the Lion to search for the Northwest Passage. |
1789 | Alexander Mackenzie | He reached the Beaufort Sea after being guided down the Mackenzie River by First Nations guides. |
1817 | William Scoresby | He was a whaler who explored the Arctic waters around Greenland. Because he was not from the Royal Navy his offers of service to the British Admiralty were ignored. |
Sources:
- Sale, Richard (2002)
- Vaughan, Richard (1994)
- Oleson, Tryggvi J. (1963)
- McGhee, Robert (1991)
- Story, Norah (1967)
To quote from this article please cite:
MacFarlane, John M. (2012) Northwest Passage and Discovery Expeditions pre-1818. Nauticapedia.ca 2012. http://nauticapedia.ca/Articles/Discovery Exploration pre1818.php
Site News: November 2, 2024
The vessel database has been updated and is now holding 94,538 vessel histories (with 16,140 images and 13,887 records of ship wrecks and marine disasters). The mariner and naval biography database has also been updated and now contains 58,599 entries (with 3989 images). Vessel records are currently being reviewed and updated with more than 35,000 processed so far this year.
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